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The concept of nurture kinship in the anthropological study of human social relationships (kinship) highlights the extent to which such relationships are brought into being through the performance of various acts of nurture between individuals. The concept stands in contrast to the earlier anthropological concepts of human kinship relations being fundamentally based on "blood ties", some other form of shared substance, or a proxy for these (as in fictive kinship). This conception of the ontology of social ties has become stronger in the wake of David M. Schneider's influential ''Critique of the Study of Kinship''〔Schneider, D. (1984) ''A Critique of the Study of Kinship''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.〕 and Holland's subsequent ''Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship'', demonstrating that as well as the ethnographic record, ''biological theory and evidence'' also more strongly support the ''nurture'' perspective than the ''blood'' perspective. Both argue that the earlier ''blood'' theory of kinship derived from an unwarranted extension of symbols and values from anthropologists' own cultures (see ethnocentrism). ==Intellectual background== Reports of kinship ties being based on various forms of shared nurture date back at least to William Robertson Smith's (1889) compiled ''Lectures on The Religion of the Semites'': At this stage, Robertson Smith interpreted the kinship ties emerging from the sharing of food as constituting an alternative form of the sharing of substance, aside from the sharing of blood or genetic substance. However, later observations focused on the ''nurturing'' qualities of food-sharing behavior, allowing a potential distinction between the earlier emphasis on kinship as shared ''substance'' (e.g. food or blood) and kinship as ''performance'' (of care-giving or nurturing behaviors): Sometimes the line between conceiving of kinship as ''substance'' or as ''nurture'' is blurred by using both concepts. For example, the substance of food or milk may be conceived as the medium or vehicle through which the nurturing behavior is performed (e.g. Strathern 1973). The notion that it is ''the nurturing acts themselves'' that create social ties between people has developed most noticeably since the 1970s: The term "nurture kinship" may have been first used in the present context by Watson (1983),〔Watson, J. (1983) ''Tairora culture: Contingency and pragmatism''.Seattle: University of Washington Press.〕 who contrasted it with "nature kinship" (kinship concepts built upon shared substance of some kind). Since the 1970s, an increasing number of ethnographies have documented the extent to which social ties in various cultures can be understood to be built upon nurturant acts.〔Holland, Maximilian. (2012) ''Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship: Compatibility between Cultural and Biological Approaches''. North Charleston: Createspace Press.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「nurture kinship」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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